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1.
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica ; (24): 829-834, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-970553

ABSTRACT

In the digital transformation of Chinese pharmaceutical industry, how to efficiently govern and analyze industrial data and excavate the valuable information contained therein to guide the production of drug products has always been a research hotspot and application difficulty. Generally, the Chinese pharmaceutical technique is relatively extensive, and the consistency of drug quality needs to be improved. To address this problem, we proposed an optimization method combining advanced calculation tools(e.g., Bayesian network, convolutional neural network, and Pareto multi-objective optimization algorithm) with lean six sigma tools(e.g., Shewhart control chart and process performance index) to dig deeply into historical industrial data and guide the continuous improvement of pharmaceutical processes. Further, we employed this strategy to optimize the manufacturing process of sporoderm-removal Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. After optimization, we preliminarily obtained the possible interval combination of critical parameters to ensure the P_(pk) values of the critical quality properties including moisture, fineness, crude polysaccharide, and total triterpenes of the sporoderm-removal G. lucidum spore powder to be no less than 1.33. The results indicate that the proposed strategy has an industrial application value.


Subject(s)
Bayes Theorem , Data Mining , Drug Industry , Powders , Reishi , Spores, Fungal
2.
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica ; (24): 22-29, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-970497

ABSTRACT

Owing to the advancement in pharmaceutical technology, traditional Chinese medicine industry has seen rapid development. Preferring conventional manufacturing mode, pharmaceutical enterprises of traditional Chinese medicine have no effective process detection tools and process control methods. As a result, the quality of the final products mainly depends on testing and the quality is inconsistent in the same batch. Process analytical technology(PAT) for traditional Chinese medicine manufacturing, as one of the key advanced manufacturing techniques, can break through the bottleneck in quality control of medicine manufacturing, thus improving the production efficiency and product quality and reducing the material and energy consumption. It is applicable to the process control and real-time release of advanced manufacturing modes such as intelligent manufacturing and continuous manufacturing. This paper summarized the general idea of PAT for traditional Chinese medicine manufacturing. Through the analysis of the characteristics and status quo of the technology, we summed up the methodology for the continuous application and improvement of PAT during the whole life-cycle of traditional Chinese medicine. The five key procedures(process understanding, process detection, process modeling, process control, and continuous improvement) were summarized, and the application was reviewed. Finally, we proposed suggestions for the technical and regulatory challenges in implementing PAT in traditional Chinese medicine industry. This paper aims to provide a reference for development and application of PAT in advanced manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing, and continuous manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicine industry.


Subject(s)
Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Technology, Pharmaceutical , Drug Industry , Quality Control
3.
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica ; (24): 2841-2855, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-981419

ABSTRACT

Focusing on the development and quality improvement strategy of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) industry, the scientific and technological innovation of the new engineering of TCM should be paid attention to solve the "stuck neck" dilemma. Under the background of the ecological and industrial revolution of the scientific and technological innovation system, the super-scale information interaction and multi-dimensional integration will inevitably lead to profound changes in the manufacturing mode of TCM. Manufacturing measurement of TCM is formed on the basis of the reliability engineering theory of process control of TCM production. It is the development extension of system theory and system science ideas and a cross-fertilization discipline that combines theory with practice and adheres to the "four-oriented" re-epistemology improvement of the TCM discipline. In response to the problems of complex raw material sources, coarse process technology, unclear material basis, and poor applicability of equipment and technology in the manufacture of TCM, the transformation research mode of "aiming at the integration of pharmaceutical industry-developing intelligent production line-enabling industrial transformation" has been developed. This paper proposed the four key engineering technical problems, i.e., the identification of critical quality attributes(CQA) in the manufacture of TCM, the quality by design(QbD) and product development of the manufacturing process of TCM, the quality transfer principle and multivariate process capability index of TCM manufacturing, and the development of measurement technology and equipment of the manufacturing measurement of TCM, to achieve the systematization of quality control indicators, real-time process control, digitalization of manufacturing process, transparency of quality transfer, and intelligent whole-process control. In this paper, the new concepts, new theories, and new technologies provide a reference for the industrialization of TCM.


Subject(s)
Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Reproducibility of Results , Commerce , Drug Industry , Quality Control
4.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2023. 77 f p. ilus..
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1451624

ABSTRACT

A pandemia de Covid-19 teve implicações diretas na qualidade de vida, saúde e renda da população mundial. Grande parte dos brasileiros passou a ficar mais tempo em casa e a rotina dos estudantes universitários foi afetada pelo fechamento dos sistemas educacionais. O presente estudo buscou investigar se houve mudanças no consumo alimentar de estudantes universitários de uma universidade pública do Estado do Rio de Janeiro no primeiro ano da pandemia de Covid-19, e possíveis fatores associados. Os ingressantes na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) no ano de 2019 foi a população alvo. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário on-line, entre agosto de 2020 e março de 2021. Do total de 3.973 ingressantes com email, 771 responderam ao questionário (19,4%). Foram investigadas variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de consumo alimentar. Mudanças no consumo alimentar de 29 itens: ovos, doces, bolos, chá, café, queijo, sucos naturais, legumes, frutas, pães, raízes, pipoca, verduras, arroz, refrigerantes, leite, biscoitos doces, macarrão, alimentos prontos para consumo, sucos industrializados, carnes, iogurte, feijão, enlatados, biscoitos salgados, oleaginosas, refrigerantes diet/zero, salgadinhos de pacote e bebidas alcoólicas, foram avaliadas pela frequência de aumento ou redução. Associações entre essas mudanças e sexo, status de peso, raça/cor de pele e alteração na renda familiar foram avaliadas por regressão logística ajustada por idade. As análises foram ponderadas considerando a taxa de resposta por curso e sexo. Ocorreram grandes mudanças na alimentação, sendo as principais, o aumento no consumo de doces (52,3%), ovos (49,3%) e bolos (44,0%) e a redução no consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (36,9%), salgadinhos de pacote (33,3%) e biscoitos doces (28,9%). Universitários com excesso de peso apresentaram menor chance de aumentar o consumo de sucos naturais (OR:0,6; IC:0,5-0,9) em relação aos sem excesso de peso. Universitários negros apresentaram maior chance de aumentar o consumo de sucos naturais (OR=1,3; IC:1,1-1,7) e leite (OR=1,4; IC:1,1-2,0) em relação aos brancos. Com exceção para poucos alimentos, não houve mudança associada aos fatores avaliados e, no geral, a alimentação parece ter melhorado com redução de um terço para bebidas alcoólicas, salgadinhos de pacote e biscoitos doces. AU.


The Covid-19 pandemic had direct implications for the quality of life, health and income of the world's population. Most Brazilians stayed home longer and the routine of college students was affected by the closure of educational systems. The present study evaluated changes in food consumption of college students in the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, and possible associated factors. Freshman from the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) in the year 2019, was the target population. Data were collected through an online questionnaire from August 2020 to March 2021 including demographic, socioeconomic and food consumption variables. Of the total of 3,973 email entrants, 771 completed the questionnaire (19.4%). Demographic, socioeconomic, and food consumption variables were investigated. Changes in food consumption of 29 items: eggs, sweets, cakes, tea, coffee, cheese, natural juices, vegetables, fruits, breads, roots, popcorn, greens, rice, soft drinks, milk, sweet cookies, noodles, ready-to-eat foods, processed juices, meats, yogurt, beans, canned food, salty cookies, oilseeds, diet/zero sodas, packaged snacks and alcoholic beverages, were assessed by the increase or decrease in the daily frequency. Associations between dietary changes with sex, weight status, race/skin color, and change in household income were assessed using age-adjusted logistic regression. All analyses were weighted considering the response rate by course and sex. Major changes in diet were the increased consumption of sweets (52.3%), eggs (49.3%), and cakes (44.0%) and decreased consumption of alcoholic beverages (36.9%), packaged snacks (33.3%), and sweet cookies (28.9%). Overweight students did not increase their consumption of fruit juices (OR:0.6; CI:0.5-0.9) compared to those without overweight. Black students had higher odds to increase consumption of juice (OR=1.3; CI:1.1-1.7) and milk (OR=1.4; CI:1.1-2.0) compared to white students. Except for these few food groups, the factors studied were not associated with dietary changes, and overall, the diet improved with a one-third reduction for alcoholic beverages, packaged snacks and sweet cookies. AU


Subject(s)
Humans , Psychotropic Drugs , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Mental Health , Drug Industry , Drug Therapy , Psychiatry , Medicalization
5.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2023. 77 f p. ilus..
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1451664

ABSTRACT

O emprego de diagnósticos psiquiátricos alcançou uma importância social tamanha que o atual cenário aponta para um risco constante de epidemias diversas de transtornos mentais. Por essa razão, este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a complexa dinâmica de forças que edificam o caminho para uma condição da vida se tornar um problema médico e, a posteriori, um quadro epidêmico. Para tanto, através de uma revisão narrativa, esta pesquisa reconheceu os múltiplos aspectos da medicalização da vida; da dinâmica de um Complexo Médico-Industrial e Financeiro; e da epidemia de diagnósticos psiquiátricos. O estudo igualmente apreciou a evolução histórico-social do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH), como um meio para identificar as interinfluências envolvidas na consolidação de seu diagnóstico, o qual se tornou exponencialmente mais recorrente na atualidade. Além disso, o estudo examinou, em bases como SciELO, PubMed, MEDLINE, MeSH e Google Acadêmico, trabalhos que façam referência à evolução da produção e do consumo dos principais fármacos prescritos para seu tratamento, de modo a averiguar as possíveis repercussões socioeconômicas da inflação diagnóstica do TDAH. Com isso, este trabalho constatou que a alternância do protagonismo entre os atores que compõem o campo da saúde é atualmente definida pelo mercado, e, associada à fluidez dos diagnósticos psiquiátricos, as influências de tais forças passaram a ser determinantes no modo como um distúrbio é introduzido, modificado e/ou ampliado no meio social. Outrossim, a pesquisa mostrou que os transtornos psiquiátricos se tornaram cada vez mais passíveis de se transformarem em condições epidêmicas, especialmente em razão: das sucessivas alterações de seus critérios, o que permitiu ampliar o público-alvo dos diagnósticos; da cronificação das práticas em saúde mental, influenciadas pelo forte movimento reducionista do sofrimento humano à lógica biomédica; e da primazia da farmacoterapia, perpetuada por meio de um modelo de atenção gerenciada que preza pela redução dos custos e aumento dos lucros com a assistência. AU


The use of psychiatric diagnoses has reached such a social importance that the current scenario points to a constant risk of various epidemics of mental disorders. Hence, this study aimed to understand the complex dynamics of forces that build the path for a condition of life to become a medical problem and, subsequently, an epidemic. For this purpose, through a narrative review, this research recognized the multiple aspects of the medicalization of life; the dynamics of a Medical-Industrial and Financial Complex; and the epidemic of psychiatric diagnoses. The study also looked at the historical-social evolution of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as a means to identify the inter-influences involved in the consolidation of its diagnosis, which has become exponentially more recurrent nowadays. In addition, the study examined SciELO, PubMed, MEDLINE, MeSH, and Google Scholar databases to determine the evolution of the production and consumption of the main drugs prescribed for the treatment of ADHD, in order to investigate the possible socioeconomic repercussions of ADHD diagnostic inflation. With this, this work has found that the alternation of the protagonism among the actors that compose the health field is currently defined by the market, and, associated with the fluidity of psychiatric diagnoses, the influences of such forces have become determinant in the way a disorder is introduced, modified and/or expanded in the social environment. Moreover, the research showed that psychiatric disorders have become increasingly likely to become epidemic conditions, especially for the following reasons: the successive changes in their criteria, which allowed the expansion of the target audience of the diagnoses; the chronification of mental health practices, influenced by the strong reductionist movement of human suffering to biomedical logic; and the primacy of pharmacotherapy, perpetuated through a model of managed care that focuses on ​​cost reduction and increasing profits with the care. AU


Subject(s)
Psychotropic Drugs , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Mental Health , Drug Industry , Drug Therapy , Psychiatry , Medicalization
6.
Physis (Rio J.) ; 33: e33010, 2023.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1431072

ABSTRACT

Resumo Este trabalho objetiva discutir como o fenômeno da medicalização do sofrimento psíquico se apresenta no discurso e na prática dos profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Foram realizadas observações sistemáticas e entrevistas semidiretivas com sete trabalhadores do município de Iguatu, Ceará, Brasil. A análise dos dados foi feita através da Análise de Conteúdo, de Bardin. Os resultados apontaram para uma centralidade no uso de medicação para atender o sofrimento psíquico que chega às unidades de saúde. Os profissionais discorreram sobre o medicamento enquanto uma estratégia rápida e eficiente, que, em consonância com a literatura pesquisada, pode ser utilizada como um dispositivo de controle do sujeito em adoecimento psíquico. Considera-se possível mobilizar, junto aos profissionais, espaços de discussão que apontem para o cuidado da pessoa com sofrimento psíquico através do uso de tecnologias leves, como escuta, vínculo e diálogo.


Abstract This paper aims to discuss how the phenomenon of the medicalization of psychological distress appears in the discourse and practice of Primary Health Care professionals. Systematic observations and semi-directive interviews were conducted with seven workers in the city of Iguatu, Ceará, Brazil. Data analysis was performed using Bardin's Content Analysis. The results pointed to a centrality in the use of medication to attend the psychological suffering that reaches the health units. The professionals spoke about the medication as a quick and efficient strategy, which, in line with the researched literature, can be used as a device to control the subject in psychic illness. It is considered possible to mobilize discussion spaces with professionals that point to the care of people with psychological distress through the use of light technologies, such as listening, bonding and dialogue.Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva discutir como o fenômeno da medicalização do sofrimento psíquico se apresenta no discurso e na prática dos profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Foram realizadas observações sistemáticas e entrevistas semidiretivas com sete trabalhadores do município de Iguatu, Ceará, Brasil. A análise dos dados foi feita através da Análise de Conteúdo, de Bardin. Os resultados apontaram para uma centralidade no uso de medicação para atender o sofrimento psíquico que chega às unidades de saúde. Os profissionais discorreram sobre o medicamento enquanto uma estratégia rápida e eficiente, que, em consonância com a literatura pesquisada, pode ser utilizada como um dispositivo de controle do sujeito em adoecimento psíquico. Considera-se possível mobilizar, junto aos profissionais, espaços de discussão que apontem para o cuidado da pessoa com sofrimento psíquico através do uso de tecnologias leves, como escuta, vínculo e diálogo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Psychiatry , Central Nervous System Agents/therapeutic use , Mental Health , Drug Industry , Medicalization , Psychological Distress , Brazil , Mental Disorders
7.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1410306

ABSTRACT

En la actualidad la contaminación de las aguas terrestres es un grave problema ambiental. La industria farmacéutica es una de las que produce un mayor impacto por la gran variedad de químicos que aporta al agua; sus efluentes generalmente tienen asociadas elevadas cargas orgánicas no biodegradables. La preservación de la calidad de las aguas terrestres es un tema regulado por la legislación nacional, donde se exige la caracterización de las aguas residuales antes de su vertimiento con vistas a evaluar el impacto ambiental que producen y diseñar el sistema adecuado para su tratamiento. El Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, pertenece al grupo de BioCubaFarma, es una empresa de ciclo completo, cuenta con nueve instalaciones, cinco de ellas son generadoras de grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales industriales. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de presentar los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de los parámetros físico-químico de los residuales líquidos del proceso productivo de conjugados monovalentes, para esto se muestrearon los residuales líquidos generados al final de cada etapa del proceso. Se determinaron los indicadores de contaminación: pH, temperatura, conductividad eléctrica, demanda química y bioquímica de oxígeno, fósforo total, nitrógeno total y sólidos sedimentables; los ensayos fueron realizados en el laboratorio de la Empresa Nacional de Servicios Técnicos de la Habana, acreditado para la realización de las caracterizaciones de aguas residuales. Los resultados fueron comparados con los límites máximos permisibles establecidos en la Norma Cubana NC-27:2012 de vertimiento de aguas residuales al alcantarillado, además se calculó el índice de biodegradabilidad. Se demostró que el pH, la conductividad eléctrica, demanda química de oxígeno y demanda bioquímica de oxígeno no cumplen con el vertido para la descarga al alcantarillado pudiendo impactar de manera negativa en los recursos hídricos(AU)


At present, the pollution of terrestrial waters is a serious environmental problem. The drug industry is one of those that produces a greater impact, due to the great variety of chemicals that can contribute to the water; its effluents generally have associated high non-biodegradable organic loads. The preservation of the quality of terrestrial waters is a subject regulated by legislation, where the characterization of wastewater is required before its discharge, since it allows evaluating the environmental impact it produces and designing the appropriate system for its treatment. The Finlay Vaccine Institute, belongs to the BioCubaFarma group, is a full cycle company, has nine facilities, five of them are generators of large volumes of industrial wastewater. The current work presents the results obtained in the evaluation of the physical-chemical parameters of the liquid waste from the production process of monovalent conjugates, for this the liquid waste generated at the end of each stage of the process was sampled. Pollution indicators were determined: pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and sedimentable solids. The results were compared with the maximum permissible limits established in NC-27: 2012 for the discharge of wastewater. The biodegradability index was also calculated. It was shown that some of the determined parameters do not comply with the discharge to release to the sewer system, which could have a negative impact on water resources(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Sewage , Water Pollution/prevention & control , Pollution Indicators , Drug Industry , Wastewater Biological Characteristics , Water Quality/standards , Vaccines
9.
Rev. bioét. (Impr.) ; 30(2): 325-336, abr.-jun. 2022. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1387742

ABSTRACT

Resumo Este artigo busca investigar conflitos de interesses envolvendo a apresentação de ensaios clínicos em congressos brasileiros de cinco especialidades médicas, ocorridos entre 2004 e 2018. Foram estudados 407 resumos em 22 anais. Após aplicar critérios de seleção, obteve-se um corpus de 77 ensaios. Detectou-se maior frequência de conflitos de interesses envolvendo ensaios com drogas para as quais não havia genéricos/similares ( p =0,000), sendo que em 48% daqueles em conflito de interesses não houve declaração. Os resultados favoráveis à droga-teste ocorreram em 90,9% do total de ensaios, mas em 48,6% deles não foi reportado valor de p . As categorias terapêuticas mais testadas foram imunossupressores e imunomoduladores, antidiabéticos e antineoplásicos, que, juntas, representaram 68,9% do total de drogas envolvidas. Os resultados apontam conflitos de interesses ocultos, supervalorização de resultados positivos de drogas-testes, nem sempre com evidências suficientes, e concentração de produção em drogas de alto custo.


Abstract This article seeks to investigate conflicts of interest involving the presentation of clinical trials in Brazilian congresses of five medical specialties between 2004 and 2018. A total of 407 abstracts in 22 annals were studied. After applying selection criteria, we reached a corpus of 77 essays. A higher frequency of conflicts of interest was found involving essays with drugs for which no generic/similar option was available (p=0.000), and 48% of those with a conflict of interest declared nothing. Favorable results to the test drug occurred in 90.9% of the total of essays, but 48.6% of them lacked the p-value. The most tested therapeutic categories were immunosuppressors and immunomodulators, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic, which, together, amounted to 68.9% of the total of the involved drugs. The results pointed to hidden conflicts of interest, overvaluing of positive results of test drugs, not always with sufficient evidence, and focus of production on high-cost drugs.


Resumen Este artículo analiza los conflictos de intereses en ensayos clínicos presentados en congresos brasileños de cinco especialidades médicas, realizados entre 2004 y 2018. Se analizaron 407 resúmenes de 22 anales. Tras aplicados los criterios de selección se obtuvo un corpus de 77 ensayos. Hubo una mayor frecuencia de conflictos de intereses en ensayos con medicamentos para los que no había medicaciones genéricas/similares ( p =0,000), y el 48% con conflictos no hubo su declaración. Los resultados favorables para droga prueba están en el 90,9% del total de ensayos, pero el 48,6% de ellos no informó el valor de p . Las categorías terapéuticas más probadas fueron inmunosupresores e inmunomoduladores, antidiabéticos y antineoplásicos, que juntas compusieron el 68,9% del total de fármacos. Los resultados apuntan a conflictos de intereses ocultos, sobreestimación de los resultados positivos de las drogas prueba, no siempre con evidencia suficiente, y concentración de la producción en medicamentos de alto costo.


Subject(s)
Conflict of Interest , Clinical Conference , Ethics, Research , Drug Industry
10.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 29(1): 165-184, Mar. 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1375588

ABSTRACT

Resumo O artigo analisa a Associação Brasileira da Indústria Farmacêutica, entidade empresarial do setor farmacêutico criada para amparar os interesses das indústrias e garantir posições estratégicas no aparelho do Estado, impulsionando políticas favoráveis. A fim de alcançar essa meta, atuou junto ao Estado, de forma lícita e ilícita, para influenciar a agenda pública e para que as pautas das políticas públicas beneficiassem os interesses das suas associadas. O texto tem como objetivo analisar os condicionantes que levaram a sua formação, suas articulações políticas, suas fissuras e tensões internas e sua pressão junto ao Estado restrito para inscrever suas demandas específicas.


Abstract This article analyzes the Associação Brasileira da Indústria Farmacêutica, an association created to represent Brazilian pharmaceutical manufacturers, pursue the interests of the sector, and ensure strategic stances within the government to advance favorable policy. To do so, the association worked with the government (through legal and non-legal means) to influence the public agenda so that public policies benefited the interests of its members. We examine the conditions that led to the creation of this organization, its political connections, schisms and internal tensions, as well as pressure on the limited government to take up its specific demands.


Subject(s)
Public Policy , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Drug Industry , Brazil
11.
Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer ; (12): 448-451, 2022.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-939730

ABSTRACT

With the boom of China's innovative pharmaceutical industry, licensing-in model has gradually become an important research and development model for innovative pharmaceutical companies. The in-licensed drugs at different stages need different research and development (R&D) strategy in China. The pharmaceutical companies take the responsibility to comprehensively collate the oversea clinical data and conduct a detailed analysis of clinical pharmacology, safety, efficacy and ethnic sensitivity. Clinical R&D strategy should be made based on the results of the above data and analysis. We encourage high-quality drugs which fill unmet clinical needs licensed in, and as early as possible, so as to conduct multi-regional clinical trials (MRCTs). The clinical R&D strategy in China is particularly important for the drug's approval. Guidelines published by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and clinical associations should be followed. Communications about clinical R&D strategy with Center of Drug Evaluation (CDE) are encouraged.
.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , China , Drug Industry , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations
12.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 58: e21609, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1420501

ABSTRACT

Abstract The potential of the biome caatinga (exclusive from northeastern Brazil) has been evaluated in recent research for application in the pharmaceutical industry. Among the species of medicinal plants from caatinga, one can highlight the Commiphora leptophloeos (umburana), which has been used as infusions and syrups by the regional population for inflammatory and infectious diseases. Essential oils from umburana leaves and barks were obtained in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and total phenolic and flavonoids were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. It was observed that a large part of the major compounds present in the essential oil is described as having antitumor activity, enabling research in investigational oncology with umburana (C. leptophloeos). In addition, some little explored components have been identified, such as cadinene, alpha-selinene, and elemenone. Despite being easily found in several plants, there are no clinical trials involving their biological activity in a well-defined isolated form, which could make exploring new studies possible. Furthermore, the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids allows future studies about the potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.


Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal/classification , Oils, Volatile/analysis , Plant Leaves/classification , Bursera/adverse effects , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Chromatography, Gas/methods , Drug Industry/classification
13.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2022. 221 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1392194

ABSTRACT

Para que os fármacos possam ser comercializados economicamente, a sua escala de produção deve ser aumentada para atender à demanda do mercado. Atualmente, a maior parte dos fármacos são sintetizados em processos batelada que possuem limitações quanto à eficiência de mistura, temperatura e pressão. O uso de microrreatores surge como alternativa na indústria químico-farmacêutica, aumentando a eficiência dos processos de maneira segura. Ferramentas utilizadas no segmento computacional multidisciplinar teórico, como o DFT (Density Functional Theory), podem prever e compreender o comportamento das reações químicas, podendo ter grande utilidade na síntese de novos fármacos economizando tempo, investimento e reduzindo a geração de resíduos. A diabetes mellitus é uma doença de caráter epidêmico, que a cada ano vem aumentando o número de casos. O emprego de fármacos derivados das glitazonas no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 é recomendado devido ao excelente controle glicêmico que esta classe de fármacos oferece. Neste trabalho, foi sintetizada a Rosiglitazona, um fármaco derivado das glitazonas, que auxilia no tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo estudadas duas rotas de síntese distintas, que foram otimizadas com o intuito de maximizar o rendimento de seus intermediários, obtendo a Rosiglitazona com pureza de cerca de 94%. Foi realizada, para os intermediários, aqui denominados, 1R, 2R2 e 3R2 a síntese one-pot e para os intermediários 1R, 2R1 e 3R2 foi realizada a transposição do processo usual em batelada para fluxo contínuo no microrreator, com rendimentos de até 93%. Com o auxílio da química quântica computacional, a reação de síntese do intermediário 1R, foi elucidada teoricamente e determinadas as grandezas termodinâmicas (ΔH‡, ΔG‡ e ΔS‡) no estado de transição, que foram comparadas com os valores experimentais, sendo constatada uma boa concordância, com desvio máximo de 14%


In order for drugs to be commercialized economically, their production scale must be increased to meet market demand. Currently, most drugs are synthesized in batch processes that have limitations in terms of mixing efficiency, temperature and pressure. The use of microreactors appears as an alternative in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, increasing the efficiency of the synthesis processes in a safe way. Tools used in the theoretical multidisciplinary computational segment, such as DFT (Density Functional Theory), can predict and understand the behavior of chemical reactions, and can be very useful in the synthesis of new drugs, saving time, investment and reducing waste generation. Diabetes mellitus is an epidemic disease that has been increasing the number of cases every year. The use of drugs derived from glitazones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is recommended due to the excellent glycemic control that this class of drugs offers. In this work, Rosiglitazone, a drug derived from glitazones, which helps in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, was synthesized. Two different synthetic routes were studied and optimized in order to maximize the yield of its intermediates, obtaining Rosiglitazone with purity of about 94%. One-pot synthesis was performed to 1R, 2R2 and 3R2 intermediates, and the transposition from the usual batch process to continuous flow in microreactor was performed to 1R, 2R1 and 3R2 intermediates, with yields of up to 93%. With the aid of computational quantum chemistry, the intermediate 1R synthesis reaction was theoretically elucidated and the thermodynamic properties were determined (ΔH‡, ΔG‡ and ΔS‡) in the transition state, which were compared with the experimental results, obtaining good agreement, with a maximum deviation of 14%


Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Drug Industry/organization & administration , Rosiglitazone/analysis , Biopharmaceutics/classification , Chemical Reactions , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology , Density Functional Theory , Glycemic Control/instrumentation , Investments/classification
14.
Physis (Rio J.) ; 32(2): e320210, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1386854

ABSTRACT

Resumo Este artigo descreve e analisa a participação do Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos) na produção local de medicamentos antirretrovirais no Brasil. São também apresentadas as mudanças no padrão de provimento, a situação das parcerias para o desenvolvimento produtivo e a posição dos produtores nacionais para esses medicamentos. As estratégias metodológicas foram revisão bibliográfica, análise de documentos oficiais e dados fornecidos por Farmanguinhos e pelo Departamento de Condições Crônicas e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis do Ministério da Saúde, via Lei de Acesso à Informação. Este artigo mostra que o estabelecimento das parcerias abriu novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento da política de oferta pública de antirretrovirais para as pessoas vivendo com HIV, por contribuir para a sustentabilidade das despesas financeiras do Ministério da Saúde com medicamentos. Farmanguinhos é o laboratório público que fornece mais quantidades e recebe os maiores valores provenientes do fornecimento desses produtos ao Ministério da Saúde. Embora os medicamentos importados preponderem largamente em quantidade e valores pagos pelo Ministério da Saúde, Farmanguinhos permanece sendo um provedor fundamental na produção local de antirretrovirais. Apesar dos problemas verificados nas Parcerias, os ganhos nas competências tecnológicas na produção de antirretrovirais podem ampliar o horizonte tecnológico e produtivo do laboratório.


Abstract This article describes and analyses the part played by the Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos (Farmanguinhos) in local production of antiretroviral medicines in Brazil, as well as changes in the pattern of supply, the status of related Production Development Partnerships and the position of Brazilian producers of these medicines. The methodological strategies used were literature review and analysis of official documents and data provided by Farmanguinhos and by the Ministry of Health's Department of Chronic Conditions and Sexually Transmitted Infections, via the Information Access Law. This article shows that, by contributing to the sustainability of Ministry of Health expenditure on medicines, these partnerships have opened new prospects for developing the policy of public supply of antiretrovirals for people living with HIV. Farmanguinhos is the public laboratory that supplies the largest quantities of these products to the Ministry of Health and receives the largest revenues from supplying them. Although the imported medicines supplied to the Ministry of Health account for much larger quantities and revenues, Farmanguinhos continues to be a fundamentally important supplier of locally produced antiretrovirals. Despite the problems found in establishing the partnerships, the gains in antiretroviral production technology competences can broaden the laboratory's technological and production horizons.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , HIV , Anti-Retroviral Agents/supply & distribution , Drug Industry , National Drug Policy , Access to Essential Medicines and Health Technologies , Unified Health System , Brazil
15.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 58: e18691, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1374574

ABSTRACT

Abstract Two sensitive and selective methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of four commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely; paracetamol (PCM), diclofenac sodium (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), and indomethacin (IND) in wastewater effluents. The first method used HPLC for the determination of the studied drugs using a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. in gradient elution mode and detection at 220 nm. The separation process was performed on BDS Hypersil Cyano column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm). The second method was a TLC-densitometric one which was performed using n-Hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid in the ratio (6:3.5:0.5) as a developing system. The proposed chromatographic methods were successfully applied for the selective determination of the four studied drugs in simulated and real pharmaceutical wastewater samples after their solid-phase extraction


Subject(s)
Industrial Effluents , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/analysis , Drug Industry/classification , Wastewater/parasitology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Acetates/adverse effects
16.
Rev. homeopatia (São Paulo) ; 83(1): 39-41, 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, HomeoIndex | ID: biblio-1359298

ABSTRACT

Escolhemos o título acima porque, como praticantes de uma atitude médico-filosófica que vê o ser humano como uma unidade e integrado ao todo, jamais conseguimos nos furtar ao diagnóstico sistêmico. É hábito do homeopata o diagnóstico em sua totalidade, das partes integradas ao todo, buscando o porquê em tudo, até em um simples artigo de um simples jornal de uma simples cidade que integra o nosso pequeno planeta, diga ele respeito ou não à homeopatia. Inicialmente a homeopatia começou incomodando as religiões, pois quando Hahnemann experimentou substâncias em humanos, observou o aparecimento de sintomas físicos e psíquicos, estes últimos eram tidos até então como instâncias da alma e portanto propriedade dos religiosos. Além de destruir o tácito acordo entre medicina e religião, onde médicos cuidavam dos males do corpo e os religiosos dos males da alma, resgatou também a unidade que é o ser. Foi a primeira prova testemunhal na medicina ocidental da comprovação dessa unidade. (AU)


Subject(s)
Science/history , Homeopathy , Homeopathic Philosophy , Drug Industry/economics
17.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 58: e19779, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1383968

ABSTRACT

Abstract Diltiazem hydrochloride (DLH) is a calcium channel blocker useful for the treatment of angina pectoris, arrhythmia, and hypertension. DLH having a short half-life needs frequent administration for successful treatment but this poses a problem of poor patient compliance. These requirements are served by elementary osmotic pump tablets (EOP) based controlled-release (CR) systems. Quality by design (QbD) approach assists in screening various factors with subsequent assessment of critical parameters that can have a major impact on the scalability of EOP. Tablets were formulated using wet granulation method followed by osmotic coating. Factorial design based QbD strategy aided in defining the risk assessment of influential variables such as hydrophilic polymers and osmotic coat component on the in-vitro release kinetics of the designed EOP tablets. These formulated EOP systems followed zero-order kinetics, a characteristic feature of EOPs. EOP tablets were formulated applying a systematic QbD statistical approach. The formulated DLH EOP systems with improved concentration-independent behavior helped to address the challenges of IR formulation. Application of QbD strategy in ascertaining the scalability of DLH EOP formulation would help pharmaceutical industries in the translation of EOP based drug delivery systems from R&D to market.


Subject(s)
Tablets , Diltiazem/analysis , Drug Delivery Systems , Total Quality Management/classification , Methods , Organization and Administration , Kinetics , Calcium Channel Blockers/administration & dosage , Mass Screening , Drug Industry/classification , Half-Life , Health Services Needs and Demand
18.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(7): e00233321, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1384269

ABSTRACT

O objetivo foi analisar a contribuição da indústria farmacêutica na sustentabilidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a partir da pressão pela incorporação de medicamentos. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo descritivo das solicitações de incorporação de medicamentos enviadas à Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no SUS (CONITEC) entre 2012 e 2020. Foram analisadas características como a indicação da tecnologia, avaliação econômica, componente de financiamento, consulta pública e decisão da CONITEC. Os resultados foram comparados segundo o tipo de demandante por teste estatístico. Foram analisadas 514 solicitações, sendo 438 referentes à incorporação. A indústria farmacêutica foi responsável por 37% das solicitações e 33,5% das incorporações. Foram observadas diferenças entre os demandantes quanto ao tipo de avaliação econômica e ao valor de razão custo-utilidade incremental, com metade das demandas da indústria acima do limiar de 3 PIB per capita/QALY. A indústria farmacêutica obteve mais contribuições nas consultas públicas de suas solicitações e apresentou concentração das solicitações em agentes antineoplásicos e imunomoduladores e em anti-infecciosos, sobretudo, para hepatite C e HIV. Também notou-se menor quantidade de demandas da indústria farmacêutica nos Componentes Básico e Estratégico da Assistência Farmacêutica. Os achados apontam o tensionamento entre a expressiva participação da indústria como solicitante, alta mobilização em consultas públicas e ênfase em medicamentos do Componente Especializado e a resistência da CONITEC a essa pressão, com tendência de maior recusa e maior participação de outros solicitantes nos pedidos de ampliação de uso, exclusão e incorporação de medicamentos menos requisitados pela indústria farmacêutica.


The objective is to analyze the contribution of the pharmaceutical industry to the sustainability of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), based on the pressure for the incorporation of medicines. For this purpose, a descriptive study was conducted on requests for the incorporation of medicines sent to Commission for Incorporation of Technologies in the SUS (CONITEC) from 2012 to 2020. Characteristics such as technology indication, economic evaluation, financing component, public consultation, and CONITEC decision were analyzed. The results were compared according to the type of solicitor using statistical tests. 514 requests were analyzed, of which 438 related to incorporation. The pharmaceutical industry accounted for 37% of the requests and 33.5% of the incorporations. Differences were observed between the solicitors regarding the type of economic evaluation and incremental cost-utility ratio value, with half of the industry's demands above the threshold of 3 PIB per capita/QALY. The pharmaceutical industry obtained more contributions in public consultations of its requests and presented concentration of requests for antineoplastic and immunomodulatory agents and for anti-infectious, especially for hepatitis C and HIV. There was also a lower number of demands from the pharmaceutical industry in the Basic and Strategic Components of Pharmaceutical Assistance. Our findings point to the tension between the significant participation of the industry as an applicant, the high mobilization of public consultations, the emphasis on Specialized Component drugs, and CONITEC's resistance to this pressure, with a tendency of greater refusal and greater participation of other solicitors in requests for expansion of use, exclusion, and incorporation of drugs that are less requested by the pharmaceutical industry.


El objetivo fue analizar la contribución de la industria farmacéutica a la sostenibilidad del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), con base en la presión por la incorporación de medicamentos. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las solicitudes de incorporación de medicamentos enviadas a Comisión de Incorporación de Tecnologías en el SUS (CONITEC) entre el 2012 y el 2020. Se analizaron características como la indicación de tecnología, evaluación económica, componente de financiación, consulta pública y decisión de la CONITEC. Los resultados se compararon según el tipo de demandante por prueba estadística. Se analizaron 514 solicitudes, de las cuales 438 se refieren a la incorporación. La industria farmacéutica fue responsable del 37% de las solicitudes y del 33,5% de las incorporaciones. Se observaron diferencias entre los demandantes en cuanto al tipo de evaluación económica y al valor de la relación costo-utilidad incremental, con la mitad de las demandas de la industria por encima del umbral de 3 PIB per cápita/QALY. La industria farmacéutica obtuvo más contribuciones en las consultas públicas de sus solicitudes y presentó una concentración de solicitudes en agentes antineoplásicos e inmunomoduladores y en antiinfecciosos, especialmente para hepatitis C y VIH. También se constató una menor cantidad de demandas de la industria farmacéutica en los Componentes Básicos y Estratégicos de la Asistencia Farmacéutica. Los hallazgos apuntan a la tensión entre la expresiva participación de la industria como solicitante, alta movilización en las consultas públicas y énfasis en los medicamentos del Componente Especializado y la resistencia de CONITEC a esta presión, con una tendencia de mayor negativa y mayor participación de otros solicitantes en las solicitudes de ampliación del uso, exclusión e incorporación de medicamentos menos requeridos por la industria farmacéutica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Public Health , Government Programs , Brazil , Drug Industry , Medical Assistance
19.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 58: e191051, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1394051

ABSTRACT

Abstract The present work reports the implementation of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) methodology to analyze the water purification system of a pharmaceutical site, in order to assure the system quality and prevent failures. As a matter of fact, the use of HACCP for development and implementation of Quality Risk Management (QRM) is not usual in pharmaceutical plants and it is applied here to improve the performance of the water purification system of a polymerization pilot plant used to manufacture pharmaceutical grade polymer microparticles. Critical Control Points (CCP) were determined with the aid of a decision tree and questions were made to characterize whether identified hazards constitute actual CCPs and should be monitored. When deviations were detected, corrective actions were performed and action plans were used for following-up and implementation of corrective actions. Finally, microbiological and physicochemical parameters were analyzed and the obtained results were regarded as appropriate. Therefore, it is shown that HACCP constitutes an effective tool for identification of hazards, establishment of corrective actions and monitoring of the critical control points that impact the process and the quality of the final pharmaceutical product most significantly.


Subject(s)
Risk Management/classification , Water Purification/instrumentation , Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points/methods , Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation , Total Quality Management/methods , Drug Industry/classification , Methodology as a Subject , Research Report
20.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(supl.2): e00104020, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1394203

ABSTRACT

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de pesquisa sobre a indústria farmacêutica no Brasil, no período recente, realizada no âmbito do projeto multicêntrico Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde, Inovação e Dinâmica Capitalista: Desafios Estruturais para a Construção do Sistema Universal de Saúde no Brasil. Os quatro componentes estudados sobre a evolução da indústria farmacêutica no Brasil foram: as políticas industriais do Estado; as mudanças na composição financeira e patrimonial das empresas de capital nacional, a evolução da produção; e o comportamento da balança comercial. As análises levaram em consideração o marco teórico proposto por Luiz Filgueiras e Reinaldo Gonçalves a respeito da implantação de um "modelo liberal e periférico" na economia brasileira a partir dos anos 1990. Foram levantados e analisados dados sobre: a situação das Parcerias de Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP) para medicamentos entre 2009 e 2020; da Pesquisa Industrial Anual (PIA), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), entre 1996 e 2018; e os dados da evolução da balança comercial do setor entre 1996 e 2019. Os resultados evidenciam que a agenda do Estado para o setor favoreceu o crescimento da produção de medicamentos genéricos, dos medicamentos isentos de prescrição (MIP) e deu início a alguns projetos de transferência de tecnologia via PDPs para a produção de medicamentos biológicos e sintéticos. Apesar dessa evolução, o Brasil se mantém dependente da importação de insumos químicos e farmacêuticos e de medicamentos acabados. Isto nos mantém em situação de vulnerabilidade tecnológica e econômica em relação aos fornecedores mundiais, além de um aprofundamento do déficit da balança comercial do setor.


This article presents the results of a study on the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil in the recent period, as part of the multicenter project Health Economic-Industrial Complex, Innovation and Capitalist Dynamics: Structural Challenges for Construction of the Universal Health System in Brazil. The four components studied in the evolution of the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry were: State industrial policies; changes in the financial and shareholding composition of companies with domestic capital; trends in production; and trade balance behavior. The analyses considered the theoretical framework proposed by Luiz Filgueiras and Reinaldo Gonçalves concerning the implementation of a "liberal and peripheral model" in the Brazilian economy since the 1990s. Data were collected and analyzed on the situation with the Product Development Partnerships (PDP) for medicines from 2009 to 2020 from the Annual Industrial Survey (PIA) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) from 1996 to 2018 and data on the evolution of the sector's trade balance from 1996 to 2019. The results show that the State's agenda for the sector favored the growth in production of generic drugs and over-the-counter drugs and started some technology transfer projects via PDPs for production of biological and synthetic drugs. Despite this evolution, Brazil is still dependent on the importation of chemical and pharmaceutical inputs and finished drugs. This keeps Brazil in a situation of technological and economic vulnerability in relation to global suppliers, besides a growing trade deficit in the sector.


Este artículo presenta los resultados de investigación sobre la industria farmacéutica en Brasil, durante el período reciente, realizada en el ámbito del proyecto multicéntrico Complejo Económico-Industrial de la Salud, Innovación y Dinámica Capitalista: Desafíos Estructurales para la Construcción del Sistema Universal de Salud en Brasil. Los cuatro componentes estudiados sobre la evolución de la industria farmacéutica en Brasil fueron: las políticas industriales del Estado; los cambios en la composición financiera y patrimonial de las empresas de capital nacional, la evolución de la producción; y el comportamiento de la balanza comercial. Los análisis tuvieron en consideración el marco teórico propuesto por Luiz Filgueiras y Reinaldo Gonçalves, respecto a la implantación de un "modelo liberal y periférico" en la economía brasileña, a partir del año 1990. Se recabaron y analizaron datos sobre: la situación de las Colaboraciones de Desarrollo Productivo (PDP por su sigla en portugués) para medicamentos entre 2009 y 2020; de la Encuesta Industrial Anual (PIA), del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), entre 1996 y 2018; y los datos de la evolución de la balanza comercial del sector entre 1996 y 2019. Los resultados evidencian que la agenda del Estado para el sector favoreció el crecimiento de la producción de medicamentos genéricos, de los medicamentos exentos de prescripción (MIP) y comenzó algunos proyectos de transferencia de tecnología vía PDPs para la producción de medicamentos biológicos y sintéticos. A pesar de esa evolución, Brasil sigue siendo dependiente de la importación de insumos químicos y farmacéuticos y de medicamentos acabados. Esto nos mantiene en una situación de vulnerabilidad tecnológica y económica, en relación con los proveedores mundiales, además de una profundización del déficit de la balanza comercial del sector.


Subject(s)
Humans , Technology , Drug Industry , Brazil , Drugs, Generic , Government Programs
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